Space & Science by country
Launches, research, milestones: rankings of 236 countries and territories using the latest available data.
Scientific articles by country
| # | Country | Scientific articles | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 933K | 2023 |
| 2 | United States | 431K | 2023 |
| 3 | India | 228K | 2023 |
| 4 | Germany | 109K | 2023 |
| 5 | United Kingdom | 98K | 2023 |
| 6 | Japan | 97K | 2023 |
| 7 | Russia | 86K | 2023 |
| 8 | Italy | 83K | 2023 |
| 9 | South Korea | 72K | 2023 |
| 10 | Canada | 64K | 2023 |
| 11 | France | 62K | 2023 |
| 12 | Spain | 60K | 2023 |
| 13 | Brazil | 58K | 2023 |
| 14 | Iran | 55K | 2023 |
| 15 | Australia | 55K | 2023 |
| 16 | Türkiye | 50K | 2023 |
| 17 | Indonesia | 39K | 2023 |
| 18 | Netherlands | 32K | 2023 |
| 19 | Poland | 31K | 2023 |
| 20 | Saudi Arabia | 25K | 2023 |
| 21 | Malaysia | 24K | 2023 |
| 22 | Egypt | 23K | 2023 |
| 23 | Switzerland | 23K | 2023 |
| 24 | Sweden | 21K | 2023 |
| 25 | Pakistan | 21K | 2023 |
| 26 | Mexico | 19K | 2023 |
| 27 | Portugal | 18K | 2023 |
| 28 | Belgium | 17K | 2023 |
| 29 | Iraq | 17K | 2023 |
| 30 | Thailand | 17K | 2023 |
| 31 | Denmark | 16K | 2023 |
| 32 | Ukraine | 15K | 2023 |
| 33 | South Africa | 15K | 2023 |
| 34 | Austria | 14K | 2023 |
| 35 | Israel | 14K | 2023 |
| 36 | Norway | 14K | 2023 |
| 37 | Greece | 14K | 2023 |
| 38 | Czechia | 13K | 2023 |
| 39 | Singapore | 12K | 2023 |
| 40 | Finland | 11K | 2023 |
| 41 | Romania | 11K | 2023 |
| 42 | Vietnam | 11K | 2023 |
| 43 | Nigeria | 9,799 | 2023 |
| 44 | Morocco | 9,725 | 2023 |
| 45 | Colombia | 9,184 | 2023 |
| 46 | Ireland | 8,720 | 2023 |
| 47 | Argentina | 8,589 | 2023 |
| 48 | Chile | 8,573 | 2023 |
| 49 | Hungary | 8,260 | 2023 |
| 50 | Bangladesh | 8,259 | 2023 |
| 51 | New Zealand | 8,096 | 2023 |
| 52 | Algeria | 7,676 | 2023 |
| 53 | United Arab Emirates | 7,075 | 2023 |
| 54 | Ethiopia | 6,728 | 2023 |
| 55 | Croatia | 5,504 | 2023 |
| 56 | Tunisia | 5,493 | 2023 |
| 57 | Jordan | 5,419 | 2023 |
| 58 | Slovakia | 5,332 | 2023 |
| 59 | Peru | 5,242 | 2023 |
| 60 | Serbia | 5,173 | 2023 |
| 61 | Bulgaria | 4,998 | 2023 |
| 62 | Philippines | 4,752 | 2023 |
| 63 | Uzbekistan | 4,624 | 2023 |
| 64 | Kazakhstan | 3,819 | 2023 |
| 65 | Slovenia | 3,568 | 2023 |
| 66 | Ecuador | 3,530 | 2023 |
| 67 | Ghana | 3,270 | 2023 |
| 68 | Lithuania | 2,673 | 2023 |
| 69 | Qatar | 2,471 | 2023 |
| 70 | Sri Lanka | 2,322 | 2023 |
| 71 | Lebanon | 2,079 | 2023 |
| 72 | Kenya | 2,079 | 2023 |
| 73 | Cyprus | 1,764 | 2023 |
| 74 | Estonia | 1,754 | 2023 |
| 75 | Latvia | 1,736 | 2023 |
| 76 | Oman | 1,640 | 2023 |
| 77 | Nepal | 1,591 | 2023 |
| 78 | Cameroon | 1,547 | 2023 |
| 79 | Azerbaijan | 1,544 | 2023 |
| 80 | Tanzania | 1,453 | 2023 |
| 81 | Belarus | 1,429 | 2023 |
| 82 | Uganda | 1,424 | 2023 |
| 83 | Kuwait | 1,395 | 2023 |
| 84 | Cuba | 1,217 | 2023 |
| 85 | Luxembourg | 1,176 | 2023 |
| 86 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 1,083 | 2023 |
| 87 | Uruguay | 1,060 | 2023 |
| 88 | Palestine | 862 | 2023 |
| 89 | Armenia | 801 | 2023 |
| 90 | Bahrain | 718 | 2023 |
| 91 | Iceland | 716 | 2023 |
| 92 | Costa Rica | 661 | 2023 |
| 93 | Georgia | 650 | 2023 |
| 94 | Syria | 646 | 2023 |
| 95 | Zimbabwe | 520 | 2023 |
| 96 | Burkina Faso | 520 | 2023 |
| 97 | Brunei | 502 | 2023 |
| 98 | North Macedonia | 499 | 2023 |
| 99 | Malta | 498 | 2023 |
| 100 | Senegal | 490 | 2023 |
| 101 | Venezuela | 475 | 2023 |
| 102 | Sudan | 471 | 2023 |
| 103 | Libya | 443 | 2023 |
| 104 | Benin | 437 | 2023 |
| 105 | Rwanda | 434 | 2023 |
| 106 | Yemen | 404 | 2023 |
| 107 | Côte d'Ivoire | 392 | 2023 |
| 108 | Botswana | 384 | 2023 |
| 109 | Malawi | 378 | 2023 |
| 110 | Zambia | 367 | 2023 |
| 111 | Moldova | 335 | 2023 |
| 112 | Kyrgyzstan | 327 | 2023 |
| 113 | Albania | 319 | 2023 |
| 114 | Panama | 282 | 2023 |
| 115 | Mongolia | 277 | 2023 |
| 116 | North Korea | 269 | 2023 |
| 117 | Montenegro | 255 | 2023 |
| 118 | Paraguay | 253 | 2023 |
| 119 | Trinidad and Tobago | 246 | 2023 |
| 120 | DR Congo | 243 | 2023 |
| 121 | Myanmar | 234 | 2023 |
| 122 | Namibia | 231 | 2023 |
| 123 | Fiji | 218 | 2023 |
| 124 | Mauritius | 205 | 2023 |
| 125 | Mozambique | 205 | 2023 |
| 126 | Cambodia | 201 | 2023 |
| 127 | Bolivia | 197 | 2023 |
| 128 | Afghanistan | 169 | 2023 |
| 129 | Jamaica | 161 | 2023 |
| 130 | Tajikistan | 158 | 2023 |
| 131 | Madagascar | 153 | 2023 |
| 132 | Somalia | 152 | 2023 |
| 133 | Togo | 136 | 2023 |
| 134 | Honduras | 130 | 2023 |
| 135 | Mali | 117 | 2023 |
| 136 | Guatemala | 109 | 2023 |
| 137 | Dominican Republic | 105 | 2023 |
| 138 | Bhutan | 103 | 2023 |
| 139 | Republic of the Congo | 96 | 2023 |
| 140 | Gabon | 91 | 2023 |
| 141 | Niger | 90 | 2023 |
| 142 | Sierra Leone | 86 | 2023 |
| 143 | Gambia | 80 | 2023 |
| 144 | Laos | 72 | 2023 |
| 145 | Papua New Guinea | 70 | 2023 |
| 146 | El Salvador | 65 | 2023 |
| 147 | Lesotho | 60 | 2023 |
| 148 | Barbados | 57 | 2023 |
| 149 | Guinea | 55 | 2023 |
| 150 | Chad | 52 | 2023 |
| 151 | Liechtenstein | 51 | 2023 |
| 152 | Angola | 50 | 2023 |
| 153 | Guyana | 50 | 2023 |
| 154 | Mauritania | 47 | 2023 |
| 155 | Grenada | 42 | 2023 |
| 156 | Nicaragua | 41 | 2023 |
| 157 | Greenland | 38 | 2023 |
| 158 | Haiti | 38 | 2023 |
| 159 | Monaco | 37 | 2023 |
| 160 | Burundi | 36 | 2023 |
| 161 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 36 | 2023 |
| 162 | Maldives | 32 | 2023 |
| 163 | Liberia | 32 | 2023 |
| 164 | Turkmenistan | 31 | 2023 |
| 165 | Eswatini | 31 | 2023 |
| 166 | Eritrea | 29 | 2023 |
| 167 | Suriname | 26 | 2023 |
| 168 | Central African Republic | 26 | 2023 |
| 169 | Samoa | 22 | 2023 |
| 170 | Timor-Leste | 21 | 2023 |
| 171 | San Marino | 20 | 2023 |
| 172 | Cape Verde | 18 | 2023 |
| 173 | Belize | 18 | 2023 |
| 174 | Djibouti | 17 | 2023 |
| 175 | South Sudan | 17 | 2023 |
| 176 | Seychelles | 15 | 2023 |
| 177 | Bahamas | 15 | 2023 |
| 178 | Solomon Islands | 15 | 2023 |
| 179 | Guinea-Bissau | 14 | 2023 |
| 180 | Antigua and Barbuda | 13 | 2023 |
| 181 | Vanuatu | 12 | 2023 |
| 182 | Andorra | 11 | 2023 |
| 183 | Comoros | 8 | 2023 |
| 184 | Palau | 5 | 2023 |
| 185 | Tonga | 5 | 2023 |
| 186 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 5 | 2023 |
| 187 | Micronesia | 4 | 2023 |
| 188 | Dominica | 4 | 2023 |
| 189 | Equatorial Guinea | 3 | 2023 |
| 190 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 3 | 2023 |
| 191 | Saint Lucia | 3 | 2023 |
| 192 | Kiribati | 2 | 2023 |
| 193 | Marshall Islands | 1 | 2023 |
| 194 | Tuvalu | 0 | 2023 |
| 195 | Nauru | 0 | 2023 |
Researchers per million people by country
| # | Country | Researchers per million people | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Liechtenstein | 18,130 | 2023 |
| 2 | South Korea | 9,472 | 2023 |
| 3 | Sweden | 8,911 | 2023 |
| 4 | Denmark | 8,838 | 2023 |
| 5 | Singapore | 8,782 | 2022 |
| 6 | Finland | 8,315 | 2023 |
| 7 | Norway | 7,451 | 2023 |
| 8 | Austria | 6,634 | 2023 |
| 9 | Netherlands | 6,563 | 2023 |
| 10 | Switzerland | 6,108 | 2023 |
| 11 | Belgium | 5,990 | 2023 |
| 12 | Portugal | 5,983 | 2023 |
| 13 | Iceland | 5,953 | 2023 |
| 14 | Germany | 5,926 | 2023 |
| 15 | Hong Kong | 5,874 | 2024 |
| 16 | Ireland | 5,753 | 2023 |
| 17 | Canada | 5,624 | 2022 |
| 18 | Slovenia | 5,616 | 2023 |
| 19 | Japan | 5,609 | 2023 |
| 20 | New Zealand | 5,435 | 2023 |
| 21 | France | 5,369 | 2023 |
| 22 | Luxembourg | 5,359 | 2023 |
| 23 | Greece | 5,283 | 2023 |
| 24 | United States | 4,937 | 2022 |
| 25 | Estonia | 4,800 | 2023 |
| 26 | Macau | 4,634 | 2024 |
| 27 | Australia | 4,569 | 2010 |
| 28 | Hungary | 4,567 | 2023 |
| 29 | Czechia | 4,505 | 2023 |
| 30 | United Kingdom | 4,473 | 2017 |
| 31 | Lithuania | 3,704 | 2023 |
| 32 | Poland | 3,675 | 2023 |
| 33 | Spain | 3,654 | 2023 |
| 34 | Slovakia | 3,507 | 2023 |
| 35 | Italy | 2,855 | 2023 |
| 36 | Serbia | 2,688 | 2024 |
| 37 | Türkiye | 2,645 | 2023 |
| 38 | Russia | 2,639 | 2024 |
| 39 | United Arab Emirates | 2,607 | 2021 |
| 40 | Croatia | 2,440 | 2023 |
| 41 | Bulgaria | 2,401 | 2023 |
| 42 | Malta | 2,355 | 2023 |
| 43 | Iran | 2,240 | 2021 |
| 44 | Latvia | 2,191 | 2023 |
| 45 | Cuba | 2,171 | 2024 |
| 46 | China | 2,107 | 2023 |
| 47 | Georgia | 1,896 | 2024 |
| 48 | Algeria | 1,764 | 2024 |
| 49 | Cyprus | 1,686 | 2023 |
| 50 | Tunisia | 1,668 | 2024 |
| 51 | Azerbaijan | 1,663 | 2024 |
| 52 | Thailand | 1,592 | 2023 |
| 53 | Belarus | 1,568 | 2024 |
| 54 | Argentina | 1,313 | 2023 |
| 55 | Saudi Arabia | 1,235 | 2024 |
| 56 | Malaysia | 1,218 | 2022 |
| 57 | Egypt | 1,120 | 2024 |
| 58 | Morocco | 1,083 | 2016 |
| 59 | Romania | 1,082 | 2023 |
| 60 | Qatar | 948 | 2021 |
| 61 | Armenia | 942 | 2024 |
| 62 | Uruguay | 938 | 2024 |
| 63 | Brazil | 903 | 2014 |
| 64 | North Macedonia | 888 | 2024 |
| 65 | Bahrain | 849 | 2024 |
| 66 | Vietnam | 836 | 2023 |
| 67 | Montenegro | 764 | 2019 |
| 68 | Kazakhstan | 758 | 2024 |
| 69 | Oman | 739 | 2024 |
| 70 | Chile | 707 | 2022 |
| 71 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 705 | 2024 |
| 72 | Mauritius | 689 | 2024 |
| 73 | Moldova | 650 | 2024 |
| 74 | Uzbekistan | 640 | 2024 |
| 75 | Ukraine | 586 | 2022 |
| 76 | Palestine | 584 | 2013 |
| 77 | Jordan | 576 | 2017 |
| 78 | Senegal | 572 | 2015 |
| 79 | Mongolia | 535 | 2022 |
| 80 | Costa Rica | 508 | 2023 |
| 81 | Brunei | 506 | 2022 |
| 82 | Trinidad and Tobago | 493 | 2022 |
| 83 | Pakistan | 474 | 2023 |
| 84 | South Africa | 444 | 2022 |
| 85 | Mexico | 438 | 2024 |
| 86 | Albania | 429 | 2022 |
| 87 | Ecuador | 400 | 2014 |
| 88 | Indonesia | 395 | 2020 |
| 89 | Kenya | 384 | 2024 |
| 90 | Philippines | 320 | 2020 |
| 91 | India | 259 | 2020 |
| 92 | Panama | 250 | 2024 |
| 93 | Bhutan | 236 | 2024 |
| 94 | Namibia | 225 | 2022 |
| 95 | Honduras | 188 | 2019 |
| 96 | Venezuela | 180 | 2023 |
| 97 | Botswana | 180 | 2013 |
| 98 | Iraq | 164 | 2021 |
| 99 | Kuwait | 145 | 2024 |
| 100 | Syria | 140 | 2022 |
| 101 | Paraguay | 139 | 2023 |
| 102 | Eswatini | 138 | 2015 |
| 103 | Rwanda | 133 | 2023 |
| 104 | Republic of the Congo | 127 | 2022 |
| 105 | Cape Verde | 125 | 2014 |
| 106 | Zimbabwe | 95 | 2012 |
| 107 | Sri Lanka | 94 | 2022 |
| 108 | Colombia | 90 | 2017 |
| 109 | Ethiopia | 89 | 2017 |
| 110 | Ghana | 87 | 2015 |
| 111 | Uganda | 81 | 2023 |
| 112 | Bolivia | 63 | 2021 |
| 113 | Togo | 58 | 2024 |
| 114 | Chad | 57 | 2016 |
| 115 | El Salvador | 55 | 2023 |
| 116 | Gambia | 51 | 2018 |
| 117 | Burkina Faso | 47 | 2010 |
| 118 | Mozambique | 44 | 2015 |
| 119 | Papua New Guinea | 33 | 2016 |
| 120 | Madagascar | 33 | 2018 |
| 121 | Lesotho | 32 | 2023 |
| 122 | Cambodia | 30 | 2015 |
| 123 | Myanmar | 28 | 2023 |
| 124 | Niger | 27 | 2013 |
| 125 | Mali | 26 | 2023 |
| 126 | Malawi | 25 | 2019 |
| 127 | Burundi | 22 | 2018 |
| 128 | Nigeria | 22 | 2019 |
| 129 | Dominican Republic | 20 | 2022 |
| 130 | Tanzania | 19 | 2013 |
| 131 | Angola | 19 | 2016 |
| 132 | DR Congo | 10 | 2015 |
| 133 | Guatemala | 1 | 2023 |